Cognitive & Learning

Thinking skills, numeracy, executive functioning, and STEM exploration.

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Showing 45 resources

ArticleInternational

Encouraging Early Numeracy Skills in Your Program

Educator-focused guide to embedding early numeracy into daily routines with infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.

12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsNumeracy
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ArticleInternational

Support Math Readiness Through Math Talk

NAEYC family article on weaving everyday math talk (counting, comparing, patterns) into ordinary moments with young children.

18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsNumeracy
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ToolkitInternational

Math4Littles: Early Math Activities for 2 & 3 Year Olds

Playful parent-child math games covering the six key skill areas of early math, counting, patterns, shapes, and more.

2 Years3 YearsNumeracy
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ArticleInternational

Help Your Child Develop Early Math Skills

How informal, everyday activities give children a head start on addition, subtraction, and school math readiness.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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ArticleInternational

Preschoolers Are Natural Mathematicians

NAEYC ideas families can try at home to help preschoolers explore math concepts through sorting, counting, and everyday materials.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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ArticleInternational

5 Ways to Build Math into Your Child's Day

Practical, natural ways parents can weave math talk into daily life, research shows early math skills strongly predict later academic success.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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WebsiteInternational

NAEYC: Articles for Families on Math

Curated hub of family-facing math articles from NAEYC covering shape, number, measurement, and math-rich home environments.

18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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WebsiteInternational

DREME Family Math (Stanford)

Free research-based early-math activities from Stanford's DREME Network, designed for families with children birth to age 8.

12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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WebsiteInternational

PBS for Parents: Math

PBS Kids parent hub for early math, activities, videos, and tips organized by age and skill.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Numeracy
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ArticleInternational

Developing Thinking Skills From Birth to 12 Months

How babies build early problem-solving, cause-and-effect, and memory, plus ways caregivers can nurture cognitive development in the first year.

0–6 Months6–12 MonthsCognitive Development
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ArticleInternational

Developing Thinking Skills From 12–24 Months

Toddlers are little scientists, how to support exploration, experimentation, and thinking skills between 12 and 24 months.

12–18 Months18–24 MonthsCognitive Development
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ArticleInternational

Nurturing Brain Development From Birth to Three

Zero to Three podcast with Dr. Alison Gopnik on how very young children's brains develop and how caregivers support healthy brain growth.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 YearsCognitive Development
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ToolkitInternational

Supporting Brain Development in the First Three Years

Core components of early brain development plus downloadable resources for parents and educators.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 YearsCognitive Development
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ArticleInternational

Serve and Return (Harvard Center on the Developing Child)

How back-and-forth 'serve and return' interactions shape brain architecture, the single most important thing adults do for early cognitive development.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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ToolkitInternational

A Guide to Serve and Return

Practical Harvard guide showing five steps caregivers can use in daily moments to build brains through serve-and-return interactions.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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ArticleInternational

Five Numbers to Remember About Early Childhood Development

Short Harvard summary of five key research numbers every caregiver and educator should know about early brain development.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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WebsiteInternational

Harvard Center on the Developing Child, Resources

Full library of briefs, videos, and guides on early brain, cognitive, and executive-function development.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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WebsiteInternational

CDC, Learn the Signs. Act Early. Milestones

Free CDC milestone checklists (2 months through 5 years) covering cognitive, language, movement, and social/emotional development.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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WebsiteCanada

CanChild (McMaster University)

Canadian research centre with family and clinician resources on cognitive, motor, and developmental outcomes in early childhood.

12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Cognitive Development
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ArticleInternational

Executive Function & Self-Regulation, Key Concepts

Harvard Center on the Developing Child overview of what executive function skills are, how they develop from infancy, and why they matter for lifelong learning.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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PDFInternational

Enhancing and Practicing Executive Function Skills (Birth–Adolescence)

Harvard's downloadable activity guide with age-banded games and routines (6–18 months, 18–36 months, 3–5 years, 5–7 years) that build executive function and self-regulation.

6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

How to Build Core Capabilities for Life (Brain Builders)

Short evidence-based article on the three foundational executive-function capabilities, planning, focus, and self-control, with everyday examples for caregivers.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

Nurturing Your Baby's Self-Regulation

Zero to Three explainer on how self-regulation emerges in infancy and how responsive caregiving builds the earliest executive function foundations.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 MonthsExecutive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

Helping Young Children Develop Strong Executive Function Skills

Practical Zero to Three guidance on games and routines that grow attention, working memory, and impulse control in toddlers and preschoolers.

18–24 Months2 Years3 YearsExecutive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

Executive Function: Skills for Life and Learning (NAEYC)

NAEYC article for educators on how executive function develops in preschoolers and how classroom routines, games, and dramatic play strengthen it.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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ToolkitInternational

CDC Milestone Tracker & LTSAE Materials

CDC 'Learn the Signs. Act Early.' free milestone trackers and checklists covering social, cognitive, and self-regulation milestones from 2 months to 5 years.

0–6 Months6–12 Months12–18 Months18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

Preschool Focus & Attention Games

Reading Rockets classroom-tested games that grow working memory, attention, and self-control for pre-K and kindergarten children.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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WebsiteCanada

CanChild, Attention, Cognition & Participation

Canadian research resources on how attention and executive function support daily participation in play, self-care, and early learning.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Executive Functioning
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ArticleInternational

Does My Toddler Have a Short Attention Span?

Zero to Three explainer on typical toddler attention spans and how to support longer engagement over time.

12–18 Months18–24 Months2 YearsAttention & Concentration
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PDFInternational

Executive Function & Attention Activities Guide

Harvard Center on the Developing Child printable of age-graded games and routines that stretch attention and working memory.

18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Attention & Concentration
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ArticleInternational

Executive Function, Key Concepts

Harvard overview of the brain-based attention, working memory, and self-control skills children build in the early years.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Attention & Concentration
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WebsiteInternational

CHADD, Resources for Parents

CHADD parent hub for understanding attention differences, including early signs and supportive strategies.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Attention & Concentration
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WebsiteInternational

NAEYC, Executive Function Topic Hub

NAEYC curated articles on supporting attention, working memory, and self-control in early childhood settings.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Attention & Concentration
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WebsiteInternational

PBS LearningMedia, Preschool Activities

Free preschool videos, printables, and activity ideas across STEM, literacy, and social-emotional themes.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)STEM Activities
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WebsiteInternational

NASA Space Place, Kids' Activities

Free space and Earth science activities, crafts, and games for elementary-age kids.

School Readiness (5+)Science Exploration
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WebsiteInternational

NASA Climate Kids

Games, videos, and activities that introduce climate and Earth science.

School Readiness (5+)STEM Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Science Kids, Experiments & Activities

Simple science experiments, projects, and printable activity sheets.

4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Science Exploration
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VideoInternational

Storyline Online, Read-Aloud Videos

Free videos of actors reading picture books aloud, great for literacy-rich circle time and quiet play.

18–24 Months2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Literacy Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Starfall, Early Literacy & Math Play

Ad-free early learning activities across phonics, reading, and math for preK–grade 1.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Literacy Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Math for Families: Everyday Math Activities

Stanford DREME family math resources with playful math ideas by age.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Math Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Early Math Collaborative, Big Ideas

Erikson Institute foundational math ideas for young children with activity ideas.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Math Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Preschool Math Games and Activities

PBS Kids for Parents playful math activities to explore counting, shapes, and patterns.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Math Activities
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ArticleInternational

STEM in Early Childhood

NAEYC article on integrating STEM through everyday exploration and play.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)STEM Activities
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WebsiteInternational

Early Childhood Science Position Statement & Activities

National Science Teaching Association guidance and playful activity ideas for early science.

3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Science Exploration
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WebsiteInternational

Literacy Activities for Young Children

Reading Rockets library of early literacy activities parents and educators can do at home or in programs.

2 Years3 Years4 YearsSchool Readiness (5+)Literacy Activities
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